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The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period proposed by William G. McLoughlin that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century.〔William G. McLoughlin, ''Revivals Awakenings and Reform'' (1980)〕 It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism.〔Mark A. Noll, ''A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada'' (1992) pp 286-310〕 It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness movement and Nazarene movements, and Christian Science.〔Robert William Fogel, ''The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism'' (2000)〕 The era saw the adoption of a number of moral causes, such as the abolition of slavery and prohibition. However, some scholars, such as Kenneth Scott Latourette, dispute the thesis that the United States ever had a Third Great Awakening.〔Kenneth Scott Latourette, ''A History of the Expansion of Christianity'', 1945.〕 ==Overview== The Protestant mainline churches were growing rapidly in numbers, wealth and educational levels, throwing off their frontier beginnings and becoming centered in towns and cities. Intellectuals and writers such as Josiah Strong advocated a muscular Christianity with systematic outreach to the unchurched in America and around the globe. Others built colleges and universities to train the next generation. Each denomination supported active missionary societies, and made the role of missionary one of high prestige.〔Sydney E. Ahlstrom, ''A Religious History of the American People'' (1972) pp 731-872〕 The great majority of pietistic mainline Protestants (in the North) supported the Republican Party, and urged it to endorse prohibition and social reforms.〔Paul Kleppner, ''The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures'' (2009)〕〔Jensen (171)〕 See Third Party System. The awakening in numerous cities in 1858 was interrupted by the American Civil War. In the South, on the other hand, the Civil War stimulated revivals, especially the Confederate States Army revival in General Robert E. Lee's army.〔Randall M. Miller, et al, eds. ''Religion and the American Civil War'' 1998〕 After the war, Dwight L. Moody made revivalism the centerpiece of his activities in Chicago by founding the Moody Bible Institute. The hymns of Ira Sankey were especially influential.〔James F. Findlay ''Dwight L. Moody: American Evangelist, 1837–1899'' (2007〕 Across the nation drys crusaded in the name of religion for the prohibition of alcohol. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union mobilized Protestant women for social crusades against liquor, pornography and prostitution, and sparked the demand for woman suffrage.〔Ruth Bordin, ''Women and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873–1900'' (1981)〕 The Gilded Age plutocracy came under sharp attack from the Social Gospel preachers and with reformers in the Progressive Era. Historian Robert Fogel identifies numerous reforms, especially the battles involving child labor, compulsory elementary education and the protection of women from exploitation in factories.〔Fogel p 108〕 All the major denominations sponsored growing missionary activities inside the United States and around the world.〔Paul A. Varg, "Motives in Protestant Missions, 1890–1917," ''Church History'' 1954 23(1): 68–82〕〔Shenk (2004)〕 Colleges associated with churches rapidly expanded in number, size and quality of curriculum. The promotion of "muscular Christianity" became popular among young men on campus and in urban YMCA's, as well as such denominational youth groups such as the Epworth League for Methodists and the Walther League for Lutherans.〔David P. Setran, "Following the Broad-Shouldered Jesus: The College YMCA and the Culture of Muscular Christianity in American Campus Life, 1890–1914," ''American Educational History Journal'' 2005 32(1): 59–66,〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Third Great Awakening」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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